UoN Office of Career Services (OCS)

UNSA 2020 Campus Students Associations List Of Winning Teams

Unsa 2020 Campus Students Associations List Of Winning Teams

Click here to watch UNSA Swearing in Ceremony

 

The University of Nairobi Student Association (UNSA) newly elected leaders took the oath of office on November 19, 2020 in a ceremony presided over by the Vice-chancellor, Prof. Stephen Kiama.

The student leaders emerged the winners following the November 18, 2020 elections held electronically. This year’s elections go down in the history of the University, being the first ever election to be conducted online.

Eddie Mwendwa Mutua, the newly elected chairman of the Student Council pledged to work with the University administration in representing the students’ matters. His team was also sworn it at the ceremony held at the Great Court. Earlier in the day, the Campus Students Association leaders were sworn in virtually.

Other UNSA Council officials include Vice Chairperson- Kaaria Kagwira Dorcas, Secretary General -Nathan Kiplagat, Treasurer -Georgina Njeri Githua, International Students representative- Vincent Cletus Wiso, Special Needs Representative – Wawira Janet Wachira and Sports and Social Welfare Student’s Representative -Tony Johnson Odindo.

Prof. Kiama congratulated the newly elected leaders saying the management will work with them closely for the betterment of students’ welfare at the university.

“We want to work with you closely to ensure that all students enjoy their stay at UoN. You will be equipped with necessary leadership skills and leave this university having created strong professional networks,” said Prof. Kiama. “We want to nurture talents at UoN.”

On his part, Deputy Vice Chancellor, Academic Affairs, Prof. Julius Ogeng’o said he was happy that the UoN governance structure was now complete with the election of the students’ leadership.He lauded the leaders for conducting themselves maturely and peacefully during the electioneering period and making the whole process a success.

“It has been a noise free electioneering period and the elections were free, fair, credible and transparent. The online elections were a major milestone for the university and demonstrated our innovativeness, courage and adaptability to change. I am looking forward to cordial working relationship with the newly elected student leaders.”Prof. Ogeng’o said.

The Independent Electoral Commission Chairman, Prof. Mohamud Jama echoed Prof. Ogeng’o’s sentiments saying the election was free, fair, credible, transparent and verifiable. Prof. Jama heaped praise on the technical team that developed and supported the online voting system, saying it was dependable and secure.

Commemoration of the World Aids Day 2020

The global commemoration of the World AIDS Day is on December 1, 2020. The day is dedicated to raising awareness about HIV/AIDS and is in remembrance of those who have lost their lives to complications of HIV.

The University of Nairobi will hold a virtual event on December 1, 2020 from 9.00 AM to 11.00AM. The chief guest is the Vice Chancellor, Prof. Stephen Kiama.

Prof. Aggrey O. Anzala, Director of KAVI – ICR, will give the keynote address, while Dr. Loice A. Ombanjo, Physician and Infectious Disease Specialist, will make a presentation on COVID-19.

This year’s theme is: ‘Global Solidarity, Shared Responsibility’

You are invited.

Register in advance for this event through the link below:

https://us02web.zoom.us/meeting/register/tZ0kf–pqDguHtOC7J7AgxY3iO8YvN7QAf63

After registering, you will receive a confirmation email containing information about joining the event.

UoN@50 activities on capacity building for researchers

In commemoration of UoN@50, the University of Nairobi Library has organized for online training for researchers and students on Zotero Referencing Tools, Remote access to E-core text books supplied by EKITABU, and OrCid, Google Scholar and Self-archiving research tools.

The training will be conducted online from 1st to 8th December, 2020.

The aim of the training is to;

1.      Impart skills on research tools to enhance research quality and integrity

2.      Impart skills on remote access to electronic journals and e-core-text books.

3.      Enhance research performance and visibility

The training targets academic staff, researchers and students as per the program below:

UoN @ 50 ACTIVITIES ON CAPACITY BUILDING FOR RESEARCHERS

TRAINING TOPIC COLLEGE/ SCHOOL/ INSTITUTE DATE TIME
ZOTERO REFERENCING TOOL POSTGRADUATE STUDENTS

 

DEC 1, 2020 10:00 – 12:00
 
REMOTE ACCESS TO E-CORE TEXTBOOKS SUPPLIED BY E-KITABU  LTD STUDENTS & RESEARCHERS DEC 3, 2020 10:00 – 12:00
 
ORCID, GOOGLE SCHOLAR AND SELF ARCHIVING RESEARCHERS &

POSTGRADUATE STUDENTS

DEC 8, 2020 10:00 – 12:00

University of Nairobi Responds to Government Programme to Raise Forest Cover in Kenya to at Least 10%.

Prof. Rose Nyikal (Principal, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences) assisted by Mr. Timona Onyango plants a fruit tree seedling (grafted avocado) at the Wangari Maathai Institute on 20th November, 2020. Behind her is Prof. David Mungai (Director, WMI), Prof. Moses Nyangito (Ag. Dean, Faculty of Agriculture) and other stakeholders.

The tree planting exercise was in response to a request by the Ministry of Education to set aside 10% of the University land for afforestation. The University Management tasked the College of Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences to lead this noble initiative. The Wangari Maathai Institute for Peace and Environmental Studies is coordinating this initiative through identification of appropriate sites and overall coordination including data management (area afforested, number of trees and spp., assessment of survival rates etc). The College involved various stakeholders in the tree planting exercise, including the Green Belt Movement, Acorn Holdings (Qwetu Residences), Workmate (Virtual Jobs Finder), Hultz Prize UoN Campus, KEFRI and Dedan Kimathi Fondation. Twenty-one fruit trees comprising of Macadamia Integrifolia and Persea americana (Avocado) were planted at the Wangari Maathai Institute (WMI) and 3,000 tree seedlings at Kanyariri Vet. Farm. The exercise was led by Prof. Rose Nyikal, Principal College of Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences (CAVS). Also present were Prof. David Mungai, Director WMI, Prof. Moses Nyangito, Ag. Dean, Faculty of Agriculture and Mr. Johnson Kinyua, Ag. Dean of Students who played a key role in mobilising students and partners for the event.

Tree planting exercise at the Kanyariri Vet Farm on 20/11/2020

Higher Education Specialist USAID Key Kenya project team

Job Title: Higher Education Specialist

Location: Nairobi, Kenya

Regular: Full time Position

  1. About the University of Minnesota

The University of Minnesota (www.umn.edu, UMN) is a large, comprehensive R1 research university in the United States. Our commitment to collaborative equity permeates every global initiative and partnership, yielding meaningful sustainable relationships, processes, and results. University of Minnesota is an equal opportunity and affirmative action employer. Women, minorities, individuals with disabilities, and protected veterans are strongly encouraged to apply.  UMN is leading the Key Kenya proposal as prime.

  1. About the USAID Key Kenya Project. 

USAID has issued a RFA for the Kenya Empowered Youth (KEY) project ($15M Ceiling).  KEY’s overall objective is to empower youth as partners in development and help them to connect with social and economic opportunities. This activity will be delivered predominantly through partnerships with Kenyan HEIs, public and private sector employers (formal or informal), county and national government, and youth organizations. This will be achieved through three areas of focus: 1. Increase economic prospects for youth, 2. Through a partnership between U.S. and Kenyan HEIs, build the capacity of technical training institutions along high growth value chains to increase workforce competitiveness, conduct research, and increase the use of reliable data to inform youth development training, policy, and investments. 3. Develop and/or strengthen local, holistic and sustainable youth-serving systems in select counties to measurably and sustainably impact the lives of those youth who are most vulnerable.

  1. Position Description

Position Overview: The Higher Education Specialist will cultivate and manage relationships with universities, as well as other higher education institutions (including polytechnics, technical training institutes, colleagues, and vocational training centers), senior Government of Kenya officials, and development partners. S/he will oversee curriculum revision and development and capacity development of higher education institutions.  Employment for this position will be contingent upon University of Minnesota receiving the Key Kenya award.

Duties & Responsibilities:

Foster, strengthen and implement youth-centric training programs that meet country workforce needs in Kenyan HEIs

  • Manage technical experts to review and strengthen existing curricula to meet workforce needs in Kenyan HEIs

  • Implement and strengthen faculty training programs to improve teaching in the classroom, online and in the field.

  • Work with university partners to develop (individually or cooperatively) new training programs targeted to known workforce needs.

  • Work with university partners to establish or strengthen competency-based training programs including skill-based teaching and training.

  • Support the development and implementation of remote-learning programs and strategies where appropriate.

  • Strengthen HEI institutional capacity to meet youth and workforce needs in Kenya through quality assurance, organizational development and evidence-based and adaptive learning strategies.

Identifying and managing academic partnerships with public and private entities to advance project goals and program sustainability

  • Work with university partners to cultivate public and private partnerships to maximize opportunities for youth skill-building, align university programs to meet country needs and assure long-term programmatic sustainability.

  • Work closely with partner universities,  public and private partners and the Partnership Specialist to build HEI capacity to identify, initiate and sustain productive public-private-academic partnerships.

  • Support the university partners to liaise with public and private partners to foster innovative new strategies for sustainable support of youth-led initiatives in Kenyan HEIs.

Supporting the establishment and strengthening of a university-housed center of excellence for youth advancement

  • Work with Kenyan HEI partners and public/private stakeholders to establish a center of excellence in an academic institution that will foster partnerships among HEI institutions, public agencies, private sector partners, youth-led organizations and networks in order to foster new, innovative strategies, share training materials and programs, and support a robust evidence-based approach to advancing youth employment and fostering youth-led development in Kenya.

Build HEI capacity to better meet youth needs

  • Strengthen HEI institutional capacity to meet youth and workforce needs in Kenya through quality assurance, organizational development and evidence-based and adaptive learning strategies.

  • Foster institutional capacity building and change through HEI engagement with the center of excellence.

  • Where appropriate work with and provide training to project recipients, sub awardees and stakeholders to support robust MEL across all project activities and outcomes.

  • Where appropriate, work with and provide training to project recipients, sub awardees and stakeholders to support robust adaptive management strategies across all project activities and outcomes.

Required and Preferred Qualifications

Required Qualifications:

  • A graduate degree in a relevant field such as higher education/TVET, distance learning, youth/adult learning, curriculum development, ICT and education, international development, or other related social/behavioral sciences;

  •  Strong understanding of higher education institutions, both in Kenya and the United States;

  •  Eight years of relevant and progressively increasing responsibility leading programs focused on research, technical training, youth development, workforce development, higher education, livelihoods, private sector engagement, or other fields related to the program with at least four of those years in Kenya or countries similar to Kenya;

  • Demonstrated success working with senior higher education officials, university leadership, national ministry, development partners, and international organization partners;

  • Demonstrated track record of working in teams and fostering partnerships;

  • Leadership in capacity development of host county higher education institutions (TVETs, colleges, polytechnics and universities); and

  • Demonstrated commitment to leadership and career results for women and girls.

Preferred Qualifications:

  • Experience managing staff to assure timely, accurate and impactful reporting and communications.

  • Experience working with a US prime, particularly a US academic institution.

  • Experience working on large-scale federally funded projects (e.g. USAID, CDC) (over $10 million).

  • Experience collaborating with diverse stakeholders with varying capacity in HEI engagement strategies.

  • Experience building public-private partnerships with HEIs

  • Experience with organizational development, quality assurance, curriculum mapping/strengthening or other HEI strengthening strategies.

  • Experience implementing innovative approaches to online and remote education programs.

  • Experience with competency-based educational program development

How To Apply

Interested applicants should send a copy of their CV and a cover letter to tstarnes@umn.edu. For more information on this opportunity, please contact Katey Pelican, DVM, PhD at pelicank@umn.edu; cc tstarnes@umn.edu.  Employment for this position will be contingent upon the University of Minnesota receiving the award and approval of the donor.

USA Fellowship for Young People working in Civil Society

IREX a key partner of University of Nairobi is administering a  Community Engagement and Exchange (CEE) Program is an ECA-funded program that aims to enable civil society leaders, ages 20-27, to harness the power of networks, relationships, and information for the public good, specifically on issues related to civic dialogue and peacebuilding, participatory government, women and gender, sustainable development, and youth engagement. Ultimately, this program will build civil society networks in 100 countries around the world through participant fellowships, mentoring, service learning, reciprocal exchange, and global innovation hubs.

The CEE Fellows application was launched on Monday, November 16, applications are due on December 23, 2020.

 

Community Engagement Exchange Program Application

The Community Engagement Exchange (CEE) Program is a dynamic global network of innovators working with communities to address critical 21st Century issues.  CEE equips dedicated visionaries with the expertise, skills, and resources to develop multisector approaches and build healthy and engaged communities in over 100 countries.

A transformational leadership development experience, CEE is a year-long program designed to enable civil society leaders, ages 20-27, to harness the power of networks, relationships, and information for the public good, specifically on issues related to civic dialogue and peacebuilding, open and participatory government, women and gender, resilience and sustainable development, and youth engagement.

Fellowship components include:

  • Three-month Fellowship in the United States: IREX matches CEE fellows to civil society organizations throughout the United States. Designated supervisors and peers support the fellows through a three-month, hands-on professional fellowship.
  • Leadership and Civic Engagement Academy: CEE Fellows explore the program themes through interactive curriculum that includes service learning, face-to-face trainings, mentorship, professional coaching, and inclusion in a global network.
  • Community Engagement Project (CEP): With the help of their U.S. host organization and mentors, CEE fellows design and plan a community engagement project to carry out after they return home. Once the fellows depart the U.S., they put these projects into action in their home communities.
  • Community Engagement Project (CEP) Exchange: Select U.S. hosts and Global Leaders will travel to a CEE Alumnus’ country and work collaboratively to support the fellow’s project implementation and bring back what they learn to strengthen communities across the United States or their home country.

APPLY NOW

Application Instructions

Please review the program requirements prior to starting an application to ensure that you are eligible. Please note that eligibility requirements are determined by the US Department of State and exceptions cannot be made. If, after reviewing the application instructions, you have additional questions, please e-mail Apply.CEE@irex.org.

Application Resources

Eligibility Requirements

Competition for the CEE Program is merit-based and open to emerging civil society and community leaders who meet the criteria below. Applications that do not meet these eligibility requirements will be disqualified and will not be reviewed by the selection committee.

  • You are between the ages of 20 and 27 as of November 1, 2020
  • You are a citizen of one of the eligible countries listed below
  • You are living and working in your home country
    • Individuals with refugee status working on behalf of their home community may be given special consideration
    • You are working on a community engagement initiative in your home country, either in a professional or volunteer capacity, with a vision to pursue a career working to support civil society
  • You have a high level of proficiency in spoken and written English at the time of application
    • Semifinalists will be required to take or submit recent scores for a TOEFL or IELTS English language test
  • You are available to travel to the U.S. for three months from October 2021 to January 2022
  • You are committed to returning to your home country to complete a Community Engagement Project (CEP)
  • You are not a citizen or permanent resident of the U.S. and have not applied for U.S. permanent residency within the past three years
  • You are eligible to receive a U.S. J-1 visa
    • Applicants who have participated in an exchange program sponsored by the U.S. Government must have fulfilled their two-year home residency requirement
  • You are committed to returning to your home country for a minimum of two years after completing the program and
  • You are not a current IREX employee or consultant, or their immediate family member

Financial Support

The program covers the cost of most expenses associated with:

  • J-1 visa support
  • Round-trip travel from participants’ home city to the U.S.
  • Monthly allowance to cover housing, meals, and other living expenses while in the U.S. and
  • Accident and sickness insurance

Eligible countries by region

Africa: Angola, Botswana, Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, Liberia, Malawi, Mali, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Sudan, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe

East Asia and the Pacific: Brunei, Burma, Cambodia, Federated States of Micronesia, Fiji, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Mongolia, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Republic of the Marshall Islands, Singapore, Thailand, Timor-Leste, and Vietnam

Europe and Eurasia: Albania, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bosnia, Herzegovina, Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Georgia, Hungary, Kosovo, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Turkey, and Ukraine

Middle East and North Africa: Algeria, Egypt, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, Syria, Tunisia, and West Bank/Palestinian Territories

South and Central Asia: Bangladesh, Bhutan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan

Western Hemisphere: Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Haiti, Jamaica, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru, Trinidad and Tobago, and Uruguay

PARTIAL FINANCIAL SUPPORT FOR FINAL YEARS REFUGEE STUDENTS AT UON (DIPLOMA OR DEGREE)

 

The University of Nairobi , UNHCR and Windle International Kenya (WIK) signed a collaborative agreement recently. The UNHCR and  WIK have partnered with UoN to support 158 students to undertake their studies at UoN.

The WIK has some limited funding to support additional needy refugee students this year under a supplementary budget. 

The Dean of Students is requesting for a list of refugee names in your college/campus with the following information:

1).Full official names.

2).Tuition Fees statement.

3).Academic Result slips.

4).Letter of Recommendation for Support

to: Financial Aid Office < financial-aid@uonbi.ac.ke >

The Dean of Students will be grateful to receive this information latest Tuesday, 24th November 2020 at 10AM to enable us to assess their profiles. 

I#WithRefugees

Nominations for Zaka’s AI Ready Academy!

Dear UoN Students and Faculty members,

Zaka is on a journey to democratize Artificial Intelligence (AI) and is accepting nominations of student candidates for Zaka’s AI Ready Academy in partnership with Microsoft. Faculty are welcome to nominate 10 students from UoN that will be given priority of acceptance into the program. Please send your nominations to ai.ready@zaka.ai by Friday, November 20.

If you are interested in the fields of Data Science and Artificial Intelligence (AI), eager to prepare yourself with industry-ready skills, and excited to work with people from different backgrounds and cultures, this academy is for you

This program is selective where only 200 students will have the opportunity to participate from all across the Middle East and Africa region! We encourage you to circulate this program across your student body and give your institution a higher chance in participating in this prestigious and limited cohort.

Participation as an Educator
Zaka would be delighted to have Faculty on board the AI Ready Academy as a mentor for students during the program. You can find more information about the role you can play and share your interest by filling this form.

Download Program Brochure
How can students apply to the AI Ready Academy?
You can find below a downloadable program brochure with all details of the program. Please feel free to circulate this program brochure to your students. The brochure includes all program information along with a link to the application form.

You can also invite students to apply by sharing this application formPlease note that a student’s nomination is put on hold until they complete the application form. 

Important Dates

  • Application Deadline: Friday, November 20
  • Acceptance Notification: Wednesday, November 25
  • Fall cohort start date: Monday, November 30, 2020
  • Fall cohort end date: Monday, March 8, 2021
Link to APPLY
If you have any questions regarding the AI Ready Academy program, please feel free to reach out at ai.ready@zaka.ai. You are also welcome to discover the Zaka curation of Frequently Asked Questions.

Zaka looks forward to working with UoN students to prepare them with future-ready skills in Data Science and AI!

UNHCR, UoN and Windle International Kenya enter into a Collaborative Agreement

The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, University of Nairobi and Windle International Kenya on Wednesday November 18, 2020 signed a Collaborative Agreement between the three parties aimed at investing in Refugee Students’ Education at UoN.

Present at the meeting were the Executive Director, Windle International Kenya (WIK), Ms. Phyllis Mureu, UNHCR Kenya Rep, Ms. Fathiaa Abdalla, UoN Vice Chancellor, Prof. Stephen Kiama, UoN Dean of Students, Mr. Johnson Kinyua, Margaret Njayakio, Education Office, UNHCR, Snr. Education Counselor, WIK, Kasaya Bramwel, UoN Director Advancement Office, Brian Ouma, Chief Legal Officer, UoN Chief Legal Officer, Collins Omondi, Chief Information Officer, Office of Career Offices, Naomi Nyaboga and Peter Barach, DAFI UoN Student Leader among other guest from the three parties.

The University of Nairobi, United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees and Windle International Kenya have been long-term partners, albeit informally. WIK proposed to UoN to consider a formal agreement between the three parties. In discussions that followed, UoN, UNHCR and WIK realized that they could harness their diverse corporate experiences and vast operations to enhance support for the students.

Windle International Kenya (WIK) is a non-governmental organization in Kenya headquartered in Nairobi city with sister offices in other countries. With a mission to transform society through education, WIK works with the Government of Kenya, the UNHCR, Organizational and Institutional partners and marginalized communities in Kenya to provide education to all at pre and post-secondary levels.

From history, WIK’s founder Dr. Hugh Austin Windle Pilkington, taught at the University of Nairobi between 1972 and 1980 from where his humanitarian activities among refugees began.

United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) has the mandate to provide international protection and assistance to hundreds of thousands of refugees, asylum seekers, stateless persons, internally displaced persons and returnees world over. In Kenya, UNHCR collaborates with the Government of Kenya operating on the framework of the Refugees Act.

DAFI is a German acronym for the Albert Einstein German Academic Refugee Initiative. The DAFI scholarship program was initiated and has been funded by the Government of Germany since 1992.

During the most recent selection process undertaken from September 2019, 87 out of 245 new scholars were placed at the University of Nairobi. This represents an equivalent of 35% of the total population of new scholars. In 2020, the Kenya program targets to support 554 scholars undertaking academic programs in various institutions of higher learning in Kenya.

Currently, UNHCR, WIK, together with other partners, are supporting 158 (41F, 117M) students to pursue studies at UoN.

Some of the alumni of the University of Nairobi that Windle International Kenya, United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees and partners have supported are:

  1. Ms. Irene Ndalo, from Uganda. She studied Computer Science at the University of Nairobi in the mid-90s and transitioned to become a senior connect engineering officer at Safaricom PLC.
  2. Mr. David Bulambo Bitingingwa, from the Democratic Republic of Congo. He undertook a Master of Arts course in Communication Studies and graduated in 2011. Upon completion of his studies, he took up an international assignment with UNHCR Chad office. He relocated recently to Canada, where he works as a communications consultant among other engagements.
  3. Mr. Awil Osman, from Somalia. He completed his Computer Science degree in 2014 followed by a stint of jobs in Nairobi and Garissa in Kenya and later repatriated to Somalia to serve his community as an innovator and entrepreneur in the ICT sector. He is the founder and Chief Executive Officer of Irisehub, an ICT start-up in Mogadishu that has the experience of implementing an array of projects with partners that include UNICEF, the United Nations Children’s Fund, the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) in liaison with the Federal Government of Somalia.
  4. Mr. Mohamed Hassan Dakane, from Somalia. He undertook a diploma course in Education and graduated in September 2011. Later, he pursued a degree course in Political Science between 2014 and 2017 with outstanding academic achievement and graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree in December 2017. He worked as a programs officer with the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) country office in Mogadishu. He proceeded for his Masters degree at University of Sussex in the UK.
  5. Mr. Adil Anur Abdalla, from the Nuba Mountains in the Sudan. He studied a Bachelor of Science course in Geology at the University of Nairobi and graduated in December 2018. Until recently, he was working with a mining firm in Juba, South Sudan.
  6. Ms. Hibo Ali Hashi, from Somalia. She undertook a Bachelor of Commerce course in Finance at the University of Nairobi. She graduated in December 2018. Upon completion of her studies, she worked as the Finance and Administrative Officer with the Ministry of Information, Communication and Technology in Jubbaland State of Somalia. She is currently working as the Finance Officer of a local organization in Somalia, implementing projects in partnership with USAID and others.

These six selected alumni demonstrate the enormous contribution that UoN has made in changing the narrative of youth who have been adversely affected by forced migration.

With the signing of this Collaborative Agreement, the three parties aim to invest in the education and training of refugee students at UoN through scholarships and achieving the SDG 4 focusing on ensuring inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all.

The University of Nairobi celebrates the Founder of Windle Trust now Windle International Kenya Dr. Hugh Austin Windle Pilkington who taught at the University’s Department of Religious Studies between 1972 and 1980.